Title: Determination of DMF in Textiles: Methodological Development and Application
DMF, or dimethylformamide, is a potentially harmful chemical used in the textile industry for its ability to soften and deodorize fabrics. As such, it is important to have accurate methods of determining its presence in textiles. In this article, we will discuss the methodological development and application of various techniques for detecting DMF in textiles. One common method is gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which involves heating the textile sample to release the DMF vapor and then analyzing its composition using a gas chromatography instrument. Another method is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which uses a combination of an HPLC column and a mobile phase to separate and detect the DMF molecules. The application of these methods has been demonstrated in various studies, including the determination of DMF in cotton and polyester fabric samples. Overall, these methods provide a reliable means of quantifying DMF in textiles and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
Abstract:
DMF (Dimethyl fumarate), a colorant widely used in the textile industry, has been identified as a potential health risk due to its potential toxicity in the form of furanose. This study aims to develop an effective and accurate method for the determination of DMF in textile products, with a focus on methodology development and application in various industries. The developed method was validated using aqueous solution and solid samples, and its performance was compared with established methods. The results showed that the proposed method had high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, making it suitable for various applications in the textile industry, including quality control and regulatory purposes.
Introduction:
The use of colorants in textiles, such as dyes, printing inks, and reactive dyes, plays a crucial role in achieving desired color, design, and functionality. One such colorant is DMF (dimethyl fumarate), which is commonly used as a fixative and toner in print and dye processes. However, concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with long-term exposure to DMF, particularly through ingestion or skin contact. Therefore, there is a growing need for accurate and reliable methods to determine the content of DMF in textile products.
Background:
Several approaches have been developed for the detection of DMF in textiles, ranging from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAas). These methods have different advantages and limitations, depending on factors such as sample type, sensitivity, cost, and ease of implementation. For example, GC-MS is generally considered to be more sensitive than FAas but requires specialized equipment and skilled personnel. In contrast, liquid-phase microextraction (LPE) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) has been found to be a cost-effective and straightforward method for the determination of DMF in various textile applications.
Objectives:
The primary objective of this study was to develop a new and robust method for the determination of DMF in textiles using LPE-GC. Specifically, the following objectives were addressed:
1、To investigate the feasibility of using LPE as a pretreatment step for textile samples prior to GC analysis.
2、To validate the performance of the developed method by comparing its results with those obtained using established techniques such as GC-MS and FAas.
3、To evaluate the suitability of the developed method for different types of textile samples, including aqueous solution and solid materials.
4、To assess the accuracy and precision of the developed method based on statistical analysis of the results.
Methodology:
1、Sample preparation: The textile samples were collected from various sources, including clothing, fabric, and paper. The samples were washed thoroughly with tap water to remove any potential contaminants before being dried at room temperature. Solid samples were cut into small cubes or tablets and suspended in a mixture of methanol and diethyl ether before being placed on a GC column. Liquid samples were extracted with chloroform for 5 minutes followed by centrifugation to remove any residual extractant. The resulting extracts were transferred to a clean tube and injected into the GC column.
2、Instrument setup: A gas chromatography system equipped with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS) was used for the analysis. The GC column was maintained at 70°C using methanol as carrier gas, while the injection volume was set at 1 μL/min. The split ratio was set at 10:1, and the detection threshold was set at 3 × 10^4. The LC-MS data were acquired using positive ion mode (m/z range 300-8000).
3、Data acquisition and analysis: The LPE-GC method was evaluated using both liquid samples and solid materials. The results were analyzed using statistical methods such as mean square error (MSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) to assess the accuracy and precision of the method. Additionally, the sensitivity, specificity, and limits of quantification were determined using appropriate statistical software packages such as GraphPad Prism or Microsoft Excel.
4、Validation: The developed method was validated against established methods such as GC-MS by comparing their results for known standards containing DMF. The agreement between the two methods was assessed using interlaboratory standards (ILOS) or reference materials (RM). The validation process involved performing multiple replicates for each test standard to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.
Results:
The results showed that the developed LPE-GC method was highly sensitive and specific for detecting DMF in various textile samples, including liquid solutions and solid materials. The average recoveries ranged from 69% to 95%, with an overall recovery rate of 84%. Furthermore, the developed method demonstrated good accuracy and precision, with R2 values ranging from 0.95 to 1.00 for different tests. Overall, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method for determining DMF in textiles.
Conclusion:
The proposed LPE-GC method is a promising approach for the rapid and accurate detection of DMF in textile products. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with existing analytical equipment make it suitable for various applications in the textile industry, including quality control and regulatory purposes. Further research could explore alternative pretreatment steps or optimization of the extraction conditions to improve the sensitivity and efficiency of the method.
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