Determination of Formaldehyde in Textiles by Spectrophotometry: A Review

Spectrophotometry is a widely used method for the determination of formaldehyde in textiles. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of spectrophotometry in determining formaldehyde content in various types of textile samples, including woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and nonwovens. The review also discusses the factors that affect the accuracy of spectrophotometry, such as sample preparation, light source intensity and temperature, and color correction.One of the major advantages of spectrophotometry is its simplicity and low cost compared to other methods. It can be easily performed in-house with common laboratory equipment. However, the sensitivity of spectrophotometry can vary depending on the wavelength of light used, which can lead to errors in the determination of formaldehyde concentration. Additionally, some textile fibers may absorb certain wavelengths of light, resulting in false negative or false positive results.To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed advanced techniques such as colorimetric analysis and mass spectrometry to improve the accuracy of formaldehyde determination in textiles. These methods offer higher sensitivity and precision than spectrophotometry but require specialized equipment and expertise.In conclusion, while spectrophotometry is a useful method for determining formaldehyde concentration in textiles, it has limitations that should be considered when interpreting results. Advanced techniques such as colorimetric analysis and mass spectrometry offer improved accuracy and should be used when necessary.

Abstract: Formaldehyde (F) is a known toxic and carcinogenic chemical compound that can be present in various textiles, including cotton, linen, silk, wool, and synthetic fibers. The release of F from these textiles can occur due to natural processes, human activities, or environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. Therefore, the detection and assessment of F levels in textiles are critical for ensuring the safety of consumers, workers, and the environment. In this review, we discuss the different methods and techniques for determining F content in textiles using spectrophotometry, a widely used analytical tool for monitoring F levels in air and water samples. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of each method, as well as the latest developments and future prospects in this field.

1. Introduction

The production of textiles involves various processes that can generate pollutants, including formaldehyde (F). F is a colorless, volatile gas that has been classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is commonly found in indoor air at concentrations ranging from 0.1-0.5 ppm, with higher levels observed in areas with poor ventilation and high occupant density. The presence of F in textiles can pose health risks to consumers, particularly those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify and quantify the F levels in textiles to ensure their safety during use.

2. Spectrophotometry

Spectrophotometry is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses light absorption to measure the concentration of F in a sample. The basic principle behind spectrophotometry involves the interaction between light waves of different wavelengths and the molecules present in the sample. When light is absorbed by these molecules, it causes a shift in their absorption spectrum, resulting in a visible signal that can be detected by a spectrophotometer. There are several types of spectrophotometry methods that have been developed for detecting F in textiles, including flame photolysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of sample, the desired sensitivity and accuracy level, and the cost of equipment and reagents.

3. Flame Photolysis

Flame photolysis is a rapid and simple method for determining F content in textiles using an automated instrument called a Flame Photometer. The principle of flame photolysis involves the reaction of F with oxygen in the presence of heat generated by a flame. The reaction produces two products: water vapor and carbon dioxide, which can be measured separately using a condenser and a flow meter. The amount of F released during the reaction is directly proportional to its concentration in the sample. Flame photolysis has been shown to be highly accurate and sensitive for detecting F in various textile materials, including cotton, wool, and synthetic fibers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel, which may limit its accessibility to some users.

4. Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy is another popular technique for detecting F in textiles based on its ability to reflect light emitted by thermal sources. The principle behind infrared spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption coefficient of a sample as a function of its temperature gradient. When F is present in the sample, it absorbs specific wavelengths of infrared radiation that correspond to its molecular structure. By measuring the intensity of these absorbed signals, it is possible to obtain information about the concentration and structure of F in the sample. Infrared spectroscopy has been used extensively for detecting F in various textile applications, including clothing, bedding, and upholstery. It offers high sensitivity and flexibility compared to other methods but requires careful calibration of the instrument and attention to potential interference from other compounds present in the sample.

5. Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool that can detect F at very low concentrations by analyzing its fragmentation product after it is ionized by electron impact or laser-induced fragmentation. The principle behind mass spectrometry involves capturing the fragmenting products of F as they enter the instrument's mass detector via an ionization source or a probe beam. These fragmented products are then separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio using a mass filter or a magnetic field. The resulting mass spectra provide detailed information about the molecular structure and composition of F in the sample. Mass spectrometry has been shown to be highly accurate and sensitive for detecting F in various textile materials, including synthetic fibers such as polyester and polyurethane. However, it requires expensive equipment and specialized knowledge to perform effectively, which limits its accessibility to some users.

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Methods

Each of the above-mentioned methods has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to detecting F in textiles. Flame photolysis is fast and easy to operate but requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. Infrared spectroscopy offers high sensitivity but requires careful calibration of the instrument and attention to potential interference from other compounds present in the sample. Mass spectrometry is highly accurate but requires expensive equipment and specialized knowledge to perform effectively. Ultimately, the choice of method depends on factors such as the type of sample being analyzed, the desired sensitivity and accuracy level, and the user's budget and expertise.

7. Current Trends and Future Prospects

Despite the advances made in detecting F in textiles using different methods

Articles related to the knowledge points of this article：

Title: The Art of Textile Logo Embossing: A Comprehensive Guide

Title: Zhuorun Textiles in Shaoxing: A Legacy of Quality and Tradition

Pudong New Area Textile Bulk Customization

Title: The Impact of pH on Textile Wastewater Treatment

Title: Thermal-Sensitive Textiles: A Revolutionary Technology in the Fashion Industry

Title: Bulk Customization of Special Textiles in Baoshan District